Why caffeine makes some people buzz - and others barely notice
Summary
Caffeine affects people differently because of how long it stays in the body and how quickly it is broken down by the liver. Factors like genetics, smoking, medications, pregnancy, and caffeine tolerance all change how caffeine impacts alertness and sleep.Key Facts
- Caffeine is the world’s most used psychoactive substance, found in coffee, cola, energy drinks, chocolate, and supplements.
- It makes people feel more awake by blocking adenosine, a chemical that makes us sleepy.
- The liver breaks down caffeine with an enzyme called CYP1A2, and this process can take between 6 and 20 hours depending on the person.
- Genetics play a role, with some groups like Europeans and South Americans processing caffeine faster.
- Smoking speeds up caffeine breakdown by up to 65%, while some medicines and pregnancy slow it down.
- People who drink caffeine regularly develop tolerance, needing more to feel the same effects.
- Experts suggest avoiding caffeine at least six hours before bedtime to prevent sleep problems.
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